Financing the Sustainable Blue Economy
Gemma Lawrence-Pardew, Head of Sustainability, Loan Market Association

Blue ecosystems – coastal and marine ecosystems that are the habitat for many millions of species and provide services and benefits such as food security, livelihoods in the form of fishing or tourism, coastal protection and carbon sequestration – are vital for human prosperity.
They provide the foundation to feed over three billion people, provide direct and indirect employment for around 350 million people1 and add around $1.5 trillion annually to the global economy.2
Human activities, such as overfishing, pollution and unchecked coastal development, endanger the health of these ecosystems putting the vast value they provide at risk. With around half the world’s population living close to ocean and coastal ecosystems3, investment in the sustainable blue economy is needed now, but it must be done in a way that is compatible with a healthy ocean and stable climate.
“The blue finance space is gaining traction and vital to help protect our ocean from dangers such as overfishing. Science-backed approaches, such as credible and robust certification schemes, play a key role when designing products that can contribute positively to a sustainable blue economy.”
Ray Dhirani, Head of Capital Markets Outreach at the Marine Stewardship Council & Aquaculture Stewardship Council
At last year’s LMA Sustainable Finance Conference, we asked delegates to identify the most pressing issues in the sector, and blue finance was high on the agenda. To proactively address this, we convened experts to establish what the loan market could do to promote investment in blue projects. The answer centred on education. Blue investors (both actual and wannabe) can already access a wealth of information (see below) – our role at the LMA is to make it known to enable progress to be made on this critical agenda!!
1. https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/jobs/how-can-blue-economy-drive-development-and-jobs-youth 2. ibid 3. A. Nobel (2024), ‘Blue Finance: Closing the water financing gap.’ , <Blue finance: Closing the water financing gap – Rabobank>
Financing Blue Opportunities

As is so often the case in sustainability, definitions are crucial when discussing the blue economy. Its scope is often uncertain – questions arise as to whether it captures oceanic and freshwater projects, or one or the other. Furthermore, is “blue” a colour in its own right or merely a theme falling under the “green” label?
We take the view that the term ‘blue finance’ is a theme under the ‘green’ label, which captures both oceanic and freshwater projects. There is already a plethora of information available in the market to aid with the financing of both, a non-exhaustive list of which can be found at the end of this article.
In addition, there are success stories to learn from. These include the Rockefeller Asset Management/UBS Ocean Engagement fund4, which identified investable opportunities worth more than $1.1 trillion in areas such as wastewater treatments or sustainable aquaculture, as well as the DWS Concept ESG Blue Economy Fund5.
Applying Sustainability-Linked Loans (SLLs) to blue finance?

Entities in the blue sector can access sustainability-linked and use of proceeds structures. With respect to the application of SLLs, discussion will inevitably center on the materiality of key performance indicators and ambitiousness of sustainability performance targets. In selecting appropriate targets, help is at hand in the form of the UNEP FI’s 2024 Setting Sail: Target setting in the Sustainable Blue Economy6, which provides robust guidance for setting blue KPIs and ICMA’s Illustrative KPI-registry7, which includes a range of sustainability KPIs to measure performance and impact across both ocean and freshwater ecosystems.
What is clear is that a sustainable blue future is on our horizon and we will be keeping our members updated on developments in this rapidly growing area.
Publications
- UNEP FI’s 2018 Sustainable Blue Economy Finance Principle8 and supporting sector specific guidance (Turning the Tide and Diving Deep)9
- APLMA, LMA and LSTA’s 2018 Green Loan Principles10
- ADB 2021 Sovereign Blue Bond Quick Start Guide11
- IFC’s 2022 Guidance for Blue Finance12
- ADB’s 2022 Ocean Finance Framework13 and Green and Blue Bond Framework14
- ADB, ICMA, IFC, UNEP FI and UN Global Compact’s 2023 Bonds to Finance the Sustainable Blue Economy, A Practitioner’s Guide15
- Rabobank’s 2024 Blue Finance: Closing the water financing gap16
- TNFD’s 2024 Additional Sector Guidance - Aquaculture17 (and forthcoming fisheries guidance)
- The World Bank Group’s 2024 Global Aquabusiness Investment Guide : A Living Framework to Guide Sustainable Development in the World's Fastest Growing Food Sector18
- UNEP FI’s 2024 Setting Sail: Target Setting in the Sustainable Blue Economy19
- EIB, Finance Earth’s 2024 Identifying investment opportunities for EIB to support improvements in fishery sustainability20
6. https://www.unepfi.org/publications/setting-sail-target-setting-in-the-sustainable-blue-economy/ 7. https://www.icmagroup.org/sustainable-finance/the-principles-guidelines-and-handbooks/sustainability-linked-bond-principles-slbp/ 8. https://www.unepfi.org/blue-finance/the-principles/ 9. https://www.unepfi.org/blue-finance/resources/ 10. https://www.lma.eu.com/application/files/8916/9755/2443/Green_Loan_Principles_23_February_2023.pdf 11. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/731026/adb-sovereign-blue-bonds-start-guide.pdf 12. https://www.ifc.org/content/dam/ifc/doc/mgrt/ifc-guidelines-for-blue-finance.pdf 13.https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/777461/adb-ocean-finance-framework.pdf 14. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/731026/adb-green-blue-bond-framework.pdf 15. https://www.icmagroup.org/assets/documents/Sustainable-finance/Bonds-to-Finance-the-Sustainable-Blue-Economy-a-Practitioners-Guide-September-2023.pdf 16. https://www.rabobank.com/knowledge/d011423183-blue-finance-closing-the-water-financing-gap 17. https://tnfd.global/publication/additional-sector-guidance-aquaculture/ 18. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/099051424100040397/p5031171986f9e0bc1ba561d4aebd9fcca9 19. https://www.unepfi.org/publications/setting-sail-target-setting-in-the-sustainable-blue-economy/ 20. https://finance.earth/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/EIB-Report-Investment-Opportunities-in-Fishery-Sustainability-vFinal.pdf
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